ELEC 243 Lab

Prelude

Grounds and Grounding

Since a voltage is actually a difference in potential, it is always measured between two points in the circuit. In most circuits there is a single point (actually many physical points tied together by low resistance conductors into a single electrical point) with respect to which all other voltages are expressed. This point is called the "common", "reference", or "ground" node. The term "ground" arises from the fact that in the early days of telegraphy, one leg of the circuit was formed by the earth itself by driving a conductive rod into the ground at each of the two stations so that only a single wire was required between them.

In our circuits, we will actually use a wire, rather than dirt, to form the ground connection, but we must bear in mind that all of our ground terminals are connected together (sometimes without our doing so explicitly). This concept of a common ground terminal becomes important when we look at our next two instruments, the Function Generator and the Oscilloscope.

So far most of the the instruments and components we've used have had their terminals connected to banana jacks. For example, the power supply the DMM and the lamp breadboard

The function generator and 'scope don't have banana jacks. Instead they have what are called "BNC" connectors. These are a type of coaxial connector where the outer (ground) conductor surrounds the inner (signal) conductor. So instead of $\includegraphics[scale=0.400000]{../241/fig2.ps}$ we have $\includegraphics[scale=0.400000]{../241/fig3.ps}$

This type of connection has a number of advantages. The shielding by the outer conductor reduces interference to low level signals and by high level ones. The single connector allows both terminals to be connected simultaneously.

The (sometime) disadvantage is that the outer (shield or ground) conductors of all the BNC connectors on all our instruments are connected together. Within one instrument they are connected together by the metal chassis. Since the chassis is connected to the third (ground) terminal of the power cord, the chassis (and hence the grounds) of all the instruments are connected together. Later we'll see how this can be a disadvantage. For now, let's avail ourselves of some of the advantages.